Definition:
Auxiliary verbs are used together with a main verb to give grammatical information and therefore add extra meaning to a sentence, which is not given by the main verb.
Be, Do and Have are auxiliary verbs, they are irregular verbs and can be used as main verbs.
Modal verbs are also auxiliary verbs, but will be treated separately, these are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
Tobe
Be is the most common verb in the English language. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is used a lot in its other forms.
| Present tense form | Past tense form |
am/is/are
|
was/were
|
Uses:
Am/Is/Are:
| Question | Positive Statement | Negative Statement |
| Singular | | |
| Am I? | I am (I'm) | I am not (I'm not) |
| Are you? | You are (You're) | You are not (You're not/You aren't) |
| Is he/she/it? | He/she/it is (He's/She's/It's) | He/she/it is not (He/she/it isn't// He/she/it's not) |
| Plural | | |
| Are we? | We are (We're) | We are not (We aren't/We're not) |
| Are you? | You are (You're) | You are not (You aren't/You're not) |
| Are they? | They are (They're) | They are not (They aren't/They're not) |
Examples:
| Am/Are | Is |
| Question - ? | "Am I disturbing you?" | "Is this your coat" |
| Positive Answer - Yes | "Yes you are." | "Yes it is" |
| Negative Answer - No | "No you're not." | "No it isn't" |
Note: The auxiliary verb
'be' can be followed either by the
-ed form or by the
-ing form.
To do:
The verb do is one of the most common verbs in English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.
Uses:
Do / Does
| Question | Positive Statement (spoken) | Negative Statement (spoken) |
| Singular | | |
| Do I? | I do | I do not (I don't) |
| Do you? | You do | You do not (You don't) |
| Does he/she/it? | He/she/it does | He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't) |
| Plural | | |
| Do we? | We do | We do not (We don't) |
| Do you? | You do | You do not (You don't) |
| Do they? | They do | They do not (They don't) |
Examples:
| Do | Does |
| Question - ? | "Do you always take the bus to work?" | "Does she ever do her homework on time?" |
| Positive Answer - Yes | "Yes I do." | "Yes she does." |
| Negative Answer - No | "No I don't." | "No she doesn't." |
Note: The auxiliary verb
'do' is
always followed by the base form (infinitive).
To have:
Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language.
Have is used in a variety of ways.
Uses:
Have/Has
| Question | Positive Statement (spoken) | Negative Statement (spoken) |
| Singular | | |
| Have I? | I have (I've) | I have not (I haven't/I've not) |
| Have you? | You have (You've) | You have not (You haven't/You've not) |
| Has he/she/it? | He/she/it has (He/she/it 's) | He/she/it has not (He/she/it hasn't) |
| Plural | | |
| Have we? | We have (We've) | We have not (We haven't/We've not) |
| Have you? | You have (You've) | You have not (You haven't/You've not) |
| Have they? | They have (They've) | They have not (They haven't/They've not) |
Have is often used to indicate possession (I have) or (I have got).
Examples:
| Have | Have got |
| Question - ? | "Do you have a car?" or "Have you a car?" | "Have you got a car?" |
| Positive Answer - Yes | "Yes I have a car." | "Yes I've got a car." |
| Negative Answer - No | "No I don't have a car." | "No I haven't got a car." |
Have is also used to indicate necessity (
I have to) or (
I have got to).
| Have to | Have got to |
| Question - ? | "Do you have to leave early?" | "Have you got to leave early?" |
| Positive Answer - Yes | "Yes I have to." or "Yes I do" | "Yes I've got to." |
| Negative Answer - No | "No I don't have to." | "No I haven't got to." |
Have is used to show an action.
| Question - ? | "Have you washed your face?" |
| Positive Answer - Yes | " Yes I have." |
| Negative Answer - No | " No I haven't." |
Note: When showing an action the auxiliary verb
'have' is
always followed by the past participle form.
Modal
The modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the following:
can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, . . .
Modals are always followed by the base form of a verb or auxiliary verb.
Modals are always the same form no matter what the subject is.
In standard American English, a predicate verb phrase cannot contain more than one modal.
correct
He will be able to go.
not correct
* He will can go.
Below are example sentences containing the modal
may and the verb
go.
Notice that the form of the modal does not change. Also notice that the
base form of a verb or auxiliary verb always follows the modal.
I may go.
You may go.
He may go.
It may go.
We may go.
They may go.
He may have gone.
They may have gone.
He may be going.
They may be going.
He may have been going.
They may have been going.
Modals and related verb phrases add meanings to verbs. Below are some of those meanings:
Ability/Availability
future:
will be able to
present:
can, am/is/are able to
past:
could, was/were able to
Requests
present/future:
can, could, will, would
Permission
future:
will be allowed to
present/future:
may, can, could, am/is/are allowed to
past:
could, was/were allowed to
Possibility
present/future:
may, might, could
past:
may have, might have, could have
Impossibility
present/future:
couldn’t, can’t
past:
couldn’t have
Advisability
present/future:
should, ought to, had better
past:
should have, ought to have, had better have
Expectation
present/future:
should, ought to
past:
should have, ought to have
Necessity
future:
will have to
present/future:
must, have to, has to
past:
had to
Lack of Necessity
future:
won’t have to
present/future:
don’t have to, doesn’t have to
past:
didn’t have to
Prohibition
present/future:
must not, may not, cannot
past:
could not
Logical Deduction (=Probability)
present:
must, have to, has to
past:
must have, have to have, has to have
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